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Rihanna

is a branch of political discourse rather than a compendium of objective truth.

biology has intrinsically been a branch of political discourse, not a compendium of objective truth' . . . 'Biology is an endless resource. That's why I have always preferred biology to psychoanalysis because it throws up so many more possibilities for stories that seem to get at some of our historical, psychological, poliitcal existence. Psychoanalysis pins things down too soon-- it may be part of the truth but it's not the most Interesting' (Haraway 2000:84).

is a discipline of life written on shifting sands. It did not exist before the 19th century, largely because the concept of life did not exist.

along with philology and economics, biology is a new form of knowledge that came with the french revolution. It is a concept built on shifting sands. anthropological disciplines par excellence.

is a discourse framed by the binary presuppositions of gender (rather than being an accurate scientific representation of natural sexual difference).

Rather than looking at biological facts and their implications, as earlier feminist had, she looks at biology as a discipline. Her contention is that biology is a gendered discourse that classifies indeterminate biological phenomena according to the dualistic schema prescribed by heterosexual norms. As such, it constructs normal bodies as either male or female from a range of possibilities (Fausto-Sterling 1992, 2000). Rather than being an accurate scientific representation of natural sexual difference, then, biology is a discourse framed by the binary presuppositions of gender.'

is a software process consisting of outdated software which evolved in a very different era.

Biology is a software process. Our bodies are made up of trillions of cells, each governed by this process. You and I are walking around with outdated software running in our bodies, which evolved in a very different era.

is an entirely new area of inquiry which offered scientific answers to questions that had previously been thought to lie outside science.

In a nutshell, the explanation I offer is that there is no previous biological tradition, that Darwin defines biology as an area of inquiry, and that he does so by showing that it is possible to give scientific answers to questions that had previously been thought to lie outside science' (In Mendel's Mirror : Philosophical Reflections on Biology: Philosophical . . . 87)

is distinguished from phyiscs in this: if it's green or wriggles, it's biology, while if it stinks, it's chemistry, and if it doesn't work, it's physics.

If it's green or wriggles, it's biology. If it stinks, it's chemistry.

's most fundamental fact is: life preys upon life.

is the science of the plan factor in all living things. While chemistry and physics do not know plan as a natural factor, biology consist in erecting a scaffolding of propositions that recognize plan as the basis of life.

Uexkull defines biology as 'the science of the plan factor in all living things. . . Chemistry and physics do not know plan as a natural factor. Biology consist in erecting a scaffolding of propositions that recognize plan as the basis of life . . . Physics asserts that the natural objects of our environment obey only causality. In opposition to this, biology asserts that, in adddition to causality, there is also a second subbjective rule, by which we order objects the principle of plan, which is a necessary complement to our concept of the universe' Biological phenomena the term refers to the organism as such and to the mutual relations between organism and environmentremain incomprehensible so long as we do not recognize, in addition to causality, a second, an immaterial naiural facf.or in operation-...-plan. This new natural factor is neither physical nor psychic, but a 'third factor'... biology takes its place beside physiology and psychology as ' the science of the third factor, the science of plan ..'. The great advantage of biological natural research lies in the fact that in this way we learn to operate with immaterial natural factors as an independent category-without ascribing to them psychic . .

biology, n.Memes

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