Are Safe Until They Aren't

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is a 'moral technology' (composed of statistics about life expectancy, mortality, birth rates) used to dominate time and discipline the future, making it predictable and controllable.

Knowledge about people's conditions, gathered through demographic statistics,their life expectancies, and the calculation of mortality and birth rates would beuseful for those agencies that deploy prioritized resources, assign tasks andproduce technologies aimed at enhancing the well-being of the population. Riskdiscourse places the citizen at the nexus of expert systems of knowledge. Thesediscourses create rings of control by propagating the language of sociallyappropriate risk-free behavior. This is why risk is a moral technology, used todominate time and discipline the future, to make it both predictable andcontrollable. for Foucault risk is a 'moral technology' to dominate time and discipline the future, to make it predictable and controllable.

is a 'systematic way of dealing with hazards and insecurities induced and introduced by modernization itself. Risks, as opposed to older dangers, are consequences which relate to the threatening force of modernization and to its globalization of doubt. They are politically reflexive'.

For Beck, risk is a 'systematic way of dealing with hazards and insecurities induced and introduced by modernization itself. Risks, as opposed to older dangers, are consequences which relate to the threatening force of modernization and to its globalization of doubt. They are politically reflexive' (1992: 21)

is a concept which makes sense only in a context where the future can be altered or that we can make provisions for its aftermath. This is to say that it arises within a distinction between reality and possibility.

The most general assumption shared by all approaches on risk is the distinction between reality and possibility. As long as the future is Interpreted as either predetermined or independent of human activities, the term 'risk' makes no sense at all (Renn 1992: 56). The concept of risk is tied to the possibility that the future can be altered or at least perceived as such by human activities. It might be that we can directly control the occurrence of an event or that we can at least make provisions for the aftermaths of an event.' (Zinn 2008 p.4)

is a discourse which begins where our trust in our security ends.

The discourse of risk begins where trust in our security and belief in progress end' (Beck in van Loon 2000:213)

Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated. The essential fact is that 'risk' means in some cases a quantity susceptible of measurement, while at other times it is something distinctly not of this character... and there are far-reaching and crucial differences in the bearings of the phenomena depending on which of the two is really present and operating. It will appear that a measurable uncertainty, or 'risk' proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an un-measurable one that it is not in effect an uncertainty at all' (p. 21).

is a mode of inquiry that does not see victims and accidents as anomolies, but rather, works at a level of abstraction such that the anomaly is subsumed as part of its process.

Under the regime of juridical responsibility, the accident isolates its victim and its author. It distinguishes them, singularizes them, isolates them, because within this system the accident can only ever be an exception, something which disturbs an order conceived in itself as harmonious. The accident is due to some individual fault, imprudence or negligence... it cannot be a rule. Moral thought uses accident as a principle of distinction... an accident is a unique atrair becween individual protagonist. Insurance, on the other hand, functions through a quite different mode of individualization. A risk is first of all a characteristic of the population it concerns., No one can claim to evade it, to differ from the others like someone who escapes an accideent. When legislation makes a form of insurance compulsory, it acknowledges the mythical character of conduct, however immaculate nad irreproachable it may actuallly be, it harbours wihin itself a risk to others whirh mav be minuscule but nevertheless exist. No will traditionally cited as a yardstick of rectitude in judicial evaluations of conduct can have characteristic weaknesses which put others in danger. the idea of risk assumes that all the individuals who compose a population are on: each person is a factor of risk, each person is exposed to The risk defines the whole, but each individual is a individual is distinguished by the probability of risk which falls to his or her share. Insurance individualizes, it defines each person as a risk, but the individuality it confers no longer correlates with an abstract, invariant norm such as that of the responsible iuridical subiect: it is an individuality ' (Ewald F Effect 203).

is a new problem situation first seen in the 18th century when the potential for losses were put into play against great future advantages.

Since the existing language has words for danger, venture, chance, luck, courage, fear, adventure (aventuyre) etc. at its disposal, we may assume that a new term comes into use to indicate a problem situation that cannot be expressed precisely enough with the vocabulary available' (1993: 10).

is a scientific question when dealing with its estimation, but a political question when concerning the level of acceptability of a risk.

The estimation of risk is a scientific question and, therefore, a legititimate activity of scientist in federal agencies, in universities and in the National Research Council. The acceptability of a given level of risk, however, is a political question, to be determined in the political arena' (quoted in Douglas 1982:65).

risk, n.Memes

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