voter ID law

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is gratuitous from a practical point of view as in-person fraud is vanishingly rare (with less than 31 cases out of 1 billion ballots since 2000).

In-person fraud is vanishingly rare. A recent study found that, since 2000, there were only 31 credible allegations of voter impersonation the only type of fraud that photo IDs could prevent during a period of time in which over 1 billion ballots were cast.9 Identified instances of 'fraud' are honest mistakes. So-called cases of in-person impersonation voter 'fraud' are almost always the product of an elections worker or a voter making an honest mistake, and that even these mistakes are extremely infrequent.10

is discriminatory because certain forms of id that minority voters or aged voters in nursing homes generally function with (veterans affairs id cards or now-expired driver's licenses) are not recognized.

States exclude forms of ID in a discriminatory manner. Texas allows concealed weapons permits for voting, but does not accept student ID cards. Until its voter ID law was struck down, North Carolina prohibited public assistance IDs and state employee ID cards, which are disproportionately held by Black voters. And until recently, Wisconsin permitted active duty military ID cards, but prohibited Veterans Affairs ID cards for voting.

is discriminatory in that those pushing the laws do so knowing that up to 25% of african-American citizens of voting age lack government-issued photo id, compared to only 8% of whites.

Minority voters disproportionately lack ID. Nationally, up to 25% of African-American citizens of voting age lack government-issued photo ID, compared to only 8% of whites.6

is discriminatory in their enforcement: Minority voters are more frequently questioned about id than are white voters.

Voter ID laws are enforced in a discriminatory manner. A Caltech/MIT study found that minority voters are more frequently questioned about ID than are white voters.7

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