Being

subject - object

voluntarism

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is, in some instances, contingent. Those who deny this should be exposed to torments until they concede that it is possible for them not to be tormented.

those who deny that some being is ‘contingent’ should be exposed to torments until they concede that it is possible for them not to be tormented.

is, for Duns Scotus, precisely opposite to how things work today, the 'subject' was the underlying subject of discourse (or object) while object was what was thrown against or towards it (viz. The subjective conception or predicate').

(Das) Objekt, from the Latin objectum (the past participle of objicere, 'to throw before or over against'), means 'something thrown before, or over against'. It contrasts with 'SUBJECT', 'what is thrown or put under'. From their first occurrence in Duns Scotus until the eighteenth century, 'subject' and 'object' were used in a sense that is the reverse of their modern sense: the 'subject' was the underlying subject of discourse (or object), while the 'object' was what was thrown against or towards it, viz. the subjective conception or predicate.

is the tendency to emphasize God's will and human freedom in all philosophical issue.

the tendency to emphasize God's will and human freedom in all philosophical issues.' DUNS SCOTUS

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Duns Scotus