corruption

is symptomatic of new nations which are unable to cope with the challenges of global capitalism.

The leadership in many of the new nations was not equipped to cope through various combinations of ignorance, unpreparedness, incompetence, or corruption with the challenges of new nationhood in an era of global capitalism. The disadvantages of asymmetrical industrialization were aggravated by aggressive-regressive forms of nationalism, which tried unsuccessfully, and at considerable cost to protect new nations from the effects of globalization and to consume energies in various forms of reinventing the wheel along nationalist lines. (Patke 2000:8).

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