Union of Concerned ScientistsThinkers

Disinformation is carried out by harassing scientists, threatening to defund, interfere, bring litigation against, or tarnish reputations.

Disinformation often involves large-scale efforts to manufacture counterfeit science and trying to pass it off as legitimate research.

Disinformation is carried out by manufacturing uncertainty about science where little or none exists (i.e. the infamous 1969 tobacco memorandum with read 'Doubt is our product, since it is the best means of competing with the 'body of fact' that exists in the minds of the general public.').

Disinformation is carried out via the buying of credibility through sponsorship, research funding within academia or professional societies and cherry-picking the findings.

Disinformation is carried out via the manipulation of government officials or processes to inappropriately influence policy.