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is a long-standing practice of the left, which is guilty of making up numerous 'false news' stories about rape or attacks on muslims or what not in order to feed their need for outrage.

America has a problem with fake hate crimes. The left is always searching for the next big outrage, and sometimes when the pressure gets too high, they just decide to make them up. That is basically how the UVA rape fantasy that ran in Rolling Stone came about by the way. This trend has just accelerated since the election, fake attacks on Muslim women seem to be in vogue right now. But it isn't a new trend. I wrote an article in May 2016 that documented 100 fake hate crimes in the last decade. 100 of them! And surely there were more that just didn't make it into the public eye.

is concerned with 'expressive thinking' rather than fact as exemplified by Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders when commenting on Trump's retweeting of fake viral videos, explained to reporters: 'Whether it's a real video, the threat is real'.

The content of the viral tweets is contested and most likely the videos do not actually contain what is claimed. Trump retweeted three times material from Britain First and then his spokesperson, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, defended him by arguing that it didn't matter if the videos were fake. 'Whether it's a real video, the threat is real,' Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders told reporters. 'His goal is to promote strong border security and strong national security.' 'I'm not talking about the nature of the video,' she said. '..The threat is real, what the President is talking about ' the need for national security and military spending ' those are very real things, there's nothing fake about that (Shugerman, White House defends Trump and says it doesn't matter if video he retweeted was fake: 'The threat is real', 2017).

is stories fabricated out of thin air. By most measures, deliberately, and by any definition, a lie.

What we are talking about are stories that are fabricated out of thin air. By most measures, deliberately, and by any definition, that's a lie.

1s 2ost consequential offender is the American education system and the parents who are content with raising children who know little about their country, much less about the rest of the world.

The most consequential offenders in the dissemination, and success, of fake news are not the Russians or social media company executives, but the American education system, and the parents who are content with raising children who know little about their country, much less about the rest of the world.

is a symptom of the fact that a significant portion of Americans are ungovernable and unfit for the task of citizenship in a free country.

What the scandal of 2016's hacks, Russian meddling and disinformation proves, is that a significant portion of Americans are ungovernable and unfit for the task of citizenship in a free country. It certainly does not have to stay that way, but reversal would demand an entirely new approach to education, popular political discussion and the preparation of children for the adult world. As long as the focus remains solely on easily identifiable villains ' foreign dictators, greedy tech magnates ' American democracy will remain an easy target for illusionists and conmen.

 works on the basis of motivated reasoning, the notion that in our eagerness to prove that we are correct, we lower the bar for supporting evidence.

Motivated reasoning contributes as well. People who do not like Obama (or Trump, or any other politico) are motivated to find information that justified and confirms their existing beliefs. In our eagerness to prove that we are correct, we lower the bar for supporting evidence. Facts that make little sense or collapse under scrutiny are often accepted as true when they tell us what we want to hear.

 works on the classic 'argument from ignorance' whereby either of two beliefs is argued to be equally valid on the grounds simple because the more reasonable of two beliefs (i.e. that Obama is not a Muslim) necessarily also falls short of absolute certainty.

Partisanship or ideology filter and shape political information as we receive it. They are not objective forces, and they promote two common logical fallacies in thinking. First, the classic Argument from Ignorance can be applied readily to these rumors... you cannot prove Obama is a Muslim, but I cannot prove he is not. Therefore, no one can answer this definitively so either belief is equally valid. That I can provide supporting evidence that he is a Christian is irrelevant, since I cannot prove conclusively that in secret or in his mind he is not a devotee of Islam.

is a political strategy which, in the 2016 election, favored Trump in part simply because Trump supporters were more likely to share fake news indiscriminately.

https://www.wired.com/video/2017/02/here-s-how-fake-news-works-and-how-the-internet-can-stop-it/

fake news, n.Definitions

fake news