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Antonio Gramsci

22 January 1891-27 April 1937

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Articulation is a form of cultural analysis that emphasizes interactions between different elements or different modes of production.

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Capitalism is totalizing in the sense that in order to sustain itself it is compelled to expand in space-time and to seek political dominance through the organization of hegemony.

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Civil society is a plural and competitive sphere which reflects the inequalities of class, race and gender which structure the society in which it is embedded.

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Civil society is a promoter of inequality to the extent that those who are already powerful will have greater possibilities to take advantage of civil society to increase their quota of power.

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Civil society is less a site of reconciliation and more a site of conflict where different social groups struggle for hegemony.

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Civil society is not just the site of agency a 'zone of contestation' where collective actors struggle to define the political, it is also the site of structural inequalities which may constrain some actors whilst enabling others.

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Civil society encapsulates the economic realm as well as the realm of social and civic institutions in which men pursue not only their private interests but also ethical ends.

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Civil society is a kind of interaction that provides opportunities for contesting as well as securing the legitimacy of the system'.

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Class is not a presupposed existence. Rather it comes into existence only when that class sees its role in terms of establishing its hegemony in the society.

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Cultural hegemony is a 'domination or rule achieved through ideological means. The ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the everyday thoughts, expectation, and behavior of the rest of society by directing the normative ideas, values, and beliefs that become the dominant worldview of a society.

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Culture is a description of how people function (organize), imprint (document) and interact (socialize). Hence, culture is not static, but varies according to how it is used... that is, culture is non-referential (it cannot be held to one thing) and therefore is changeable.

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Democracy is the narrowing of the distinction between the ruler and the ruled. 'Citizenship' (not limited to consent, but extended to participation) is widely instituted.

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Elaboration is necessarily concerned as much with subordination, fracturing, diffusion, reproducing as is producing, creating, forcing, guiding.

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Fascism is a particular form of the larger phenomenon of the passive revolution: A modernization that preserved residuals of parasitism, of corporativism, and a caste's privileges.

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Fascism is, in Italy, not a sudden overhauling of the existing structure, but was made possible by the former structures of power in Italian society.