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Emmanuel Levinas

12 January 1906-25 December 1995

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Aggression is basic and is by no means eradicated in an ethics of non-violence, rather it forms the incessant matter for ethical struggles, which is precisely a struggle to keep ineradicable fear and anxiety from turning into murderous action.

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Art is neither revelation nor creation. It does not shed light on anything but rather obscures, and promotes disengagement over responsible action.

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Bifurs is the very moment when one thought slips into something other than itself. It is French for 'word-erasing'.

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The Cogito is quite opposite from what is commonly thought, 'I think therefore I do not exist.' When acting, one is coping, not existing.

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Ethics is necessarily in an ethical relation to the other which produces a curvature of intersubjective space.

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Ethics is not at the level of consciousness or reflection... it rather takes place at the level of sensibility or pre-conscious sentience. The levinasian ethical subject is a sentient self before being a thinking ego. The bond with the other is affective.

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Ethics is the calling into question of my spontaneity by the presence of the other (i.e. His strangeness, his irreducibility, my thoughts and passions).

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The Gaze is the act of the other through which the 'I' discovers its own particularity (and ethical basis) in intersubjective experience.

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God is not divine, nor creator, nor sovereign, but purely that which is 'a civilizing force', a force for mitigating conflict between people.

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The Jewish people is the soul of humanity, and for all its brute particularity, its life, its suffering, its essence is universalism.

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Judaism is not a religion that just happens to be concerned with morality: It is a religion whose practice is synonymous with the ethical, that is, with concern for the other person.

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Judaism is primarily an inhabitant of time and not of space, and time means not history but 'conscience,' the call of justice, the hope and responsibility for a just society.