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78 definitions

Jean-François Lyotard

Jean-François Lyotard

1924 – 1998

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Aesthetics (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠not a new move within established rules, but rather corresponds to the 'a change to a new game'.

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Aesthetics (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠today treated wrongheadedly as nostalgic, conservative, and therapeutic in that it attempts to supply meaning to a reality shattered under capitalism.

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An Affect (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠a witness beyond suspicion, being wholly what it is, testifying only to itself, manifesting itself as the very pain or pleasure that bear witness to themselves in the signal that manifests them as they happen.

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The Affect (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠immediately its manifestation. The affect is a tautogerical sign: Pain and pleasure immediately signal themselves, their presence. This signal (the non-signifying voice or phonè) must be distinguished from the sign (i.e. Language).

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An Affect (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠not something that represents or signifies. Rather it is a tone or an inflection which preserves the absolutely singular nuances of the pain/pleasure that it is. It says only one thing: That it is there in its absolute singularity.

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An Affect (n.) ignores ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠referentiality. It is that which prevents logos from referring it to any object. If i'm stabbed, the intensity of its happening suspends any articulation of cause and effect. I may 'know' that a knife has caused the pain that I feel in my finger, but at the point where pain pierces, its very intensity resist letting itself be related to anything outside its absolute now.

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An Affect (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠that which man owes. One owes the affect... it is a debt that can never be acquitted, it can only be recognized.

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An Affect (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠the pre-egoic which 'speaks about nothing' and is not about anything. It is not addressed, not referencing, and not signifying.

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Agonistics (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠the idea that to speak is to fight, in the sense of playing. As subjects, we find ourselves called not only to witness and judge but also to participate.

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Artificial intelligence (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠impossible unless we can devise machines that can suffer. This is because thought necessarily involves suffering (as well as emotion, and gender difference).

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Artificial intelligence (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠a thing requiring vigilance. Our task is to bear witness so that techno-science does not succeed in imposing its program on us by stealth.

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The Body (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠inclusive of suffering and emotion. Rationality is formed out of these things and so artificial intelligence is impossible without these things.

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Capitalism (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠a problem, one that overshadows all others, whereby endless optimalization moves us into an 'inhuman' realm where computers and machines are more efficient, more cost effective, and therefore preferable, to humans.

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Capitalism (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠a sheer energy that breaks down the certainties of belief-systems. 'Capitalism does not love order... the state loves it'.

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Capitalism (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠an iconoclastic, figural force but when combined with technoscience, it renders humans expendable in a capitalist system which makes it difficult to construct within it little narratives to express our individual needs and differences.

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Capitalism (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠more akin to an open-ended system than a totalizing grand narrative, a restless search for new linkages that can in consequence generate 'the most unheard of occurrences'.

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Capitalism (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠not the destructive force against our nature: It thoroughly seduces us, capturing our desires.

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A Chaotic system (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠a system controlled by a strange attractor (a mysterious force which directs their course but whose character is hidden from us). We can never detect any pattern in such systems that makes sense to us, and have to adapt to whatever events flow from them.

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The Contract (n.) is, ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠in the postmodern condition, that which has come to supplant permanent institutions.

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The Differend (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠a conflict that is irresolvable for lack of a rule of judgment applicable to both arguments.