paradigm

is a form of knowledge that is neither inductive nor deductive but analogical. It moves from singularity to singularity.

A paradigm is a form of knowledge that is neither inductive nor deductive but analogical. It moves from singularity to singularity' 'By neutralizing the dichotomy between the general and the particular, it [the paradigm] replaces a dichotomous logic with a bipolar analogical model' 'The paradigmatic case becomes such by suspending and, at the same time, exposing its belonging to the [family] group, so that it is never possible to separate its exemplarity from its singularity.'

is an achiement and exemplar for future work.

Strict Kuhnian sense 'an achievement and exemplar for future work' (Hacking. Historical Ontology 10).

is capable of showing how other versions of nature are themselves correct.

[Kuhn's] aim is not to fit the 'law-like sciences' under laws but rather to show us how earlier visions of nature were themselves correct' (Rabinow and Sullivan 20)

is either the whole of techniques, patents and shared values that the members of a certain scientific community have in common. Alternatively it is a single example, such as newton's principia, which defines a coherent tradition of investigation.

Kuhn acknowledges having used the term 'paradigm' in two different meanings. In the first one, 'paradigm' designates what the members of a certain scientific community have in common, that is to say, the whole of techniques, patents and values shared by the members of the community. In the second sense, the paradigm is a single element of a whole, say for instance Newton's Principia, which, acting as a common model or an example, paradigm means simply 'example', as you know, stands for the explicit rules and thus defines a coherent tradition of investigation. Thus the question is for Kuhn to investigate by means of the paradigm what makes possible the constitution of what he calls a 'normal science'. That is to say, the science which can decide if a certain problem will be considered scientific or not. Normal science does not mean at all a science guided by a coherent system of rules, on the contrary, the rules can be derived from the paradigms, but the paradigms can guide the investigation also in the absence of rules. This is precisely the second meaning of the term 'paradigm', which Kuhn considered the most new and profound, though it is in truth the oldest.

is not necessarily a coherent system of rules, but sometimes an exemplar (like newton's principia), a singularity which acquires the capability of tacitly modeling the behavior and the practice of scientist.

Normal science does not mean at all a science guided by a coherent system of rules, on the contrary, the rules can be derived from the paradigms, but the paradigms can guide the investigation also in the absence of rules. This is precisely the second meaning of the term 'paradigm', which Kuhn considered the most new and profound, though it is in truth the oldest. The paradigm is in this sense just an example, a single phenomenon, a singularity, which can be repeated and thus acquires the capability of tacitly modeling the behavior and the practice of scientist' (Agamben 'What is a paradigm').

is that basis without which there may be scientist but there is something less than science.

Establishing a paradigm produces a qualitative change in the mode of cognition from mere individual belief to a collective relation to the world that we can recognize as scientific. Without a paradigm there may be scientist, but there is something less than science.

paradigm, n.All

paradigm