surplus labor, n.All

Surplus labor (n.) extracted ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠by capital always remains forced labour, however much it looks like the result of a free contract.

Surplus labor (n.) has ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠limits no squeezing can overstep: two workers toiling twelve hours could not yield what twenty-four yield in two, even if they could live on air.

Surplus labor (n.) done ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠by a clerk in circulation creates no value, yet it is positive profit to his employer — not because it makes anything but because it shrinks a cost.

Surplus labor (n.) rests ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠on a natural condition: that nature yields subsistence for less labour than the whole working day — the indigenous productivity of agriculture is the basis of all surplus-value.

Surplus labor (n.) is ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠the serf's three days on the lord's field in modern dress: as labour it is no different from the rest; only the situation that compels it differs.

Surplus labor (n.) would ⁠​‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌​⁠still exist if the workers owned production — it would simply be surplus labour for themselves — and the same money would be needed to circulate it.