Learning (n.) about the social world comes from trying to change it: you try ideas out, pursue programs, and see where they break down.
Learning (n.) as distinct from indoctrination means knocking your ideas against other people's and hearing them beaten down, until you find out what you actually think.
Learning (n.) happens only when the material enters your own creative processes; otherwise it passes through the mind and vanishes, like a memorized catechism.
Learning (n.) is a kind of reminiscence: experience stirs the mind, which then draws on its own resources along a path it sets for itself.
Learning (n.) may be largely an artefact: mental structures grow along their own fixed path, triggered by experience and modified by it only at the margins.
Learning (n.) depends less on what the syllabus covers than on what the student discovers.